Barriers and enablers for upscaling coastal restoration

Coastal restoration is often distrusted and, at best, implemented small scales, which hampers its potential for coastal adaptation. Present technical, economic and management barriers stem from sectoral poorly coordinated local interventions, are insufficiently monitored maintained, precluding the upscaling required to build up confidence in ecosystem restoration. The paper posits that there enough knowledge, technology, financial governance capabilities increasing pace scale of restoration, before onset irreversible degradation. We propose a systemic integrates Nature based Solutions (NbS) building blocks, provide climate-resilient services improved biodiversity curb result should be reduction risks decarbonised protection, same time increases blue carbon. discuss enablers adaptation-through-restoration plans, on vulnerable archetypes, such as deltas, estuaries, lagoons bays. These connectivity accommodation space, enhanced resilience under climatic human pressures. concludes with review interconnections between dimensions discusses how fill present implementation gap.